Fricative consonants are produced by air flowing through a narrow channel made by placing two articulating organs close together (e.g. the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth, as in the pronunciation of English initial "th" in thick, or the back of the tongue and the soft palate, as in the case of German [x], the final consonant of Bach). Turbulent airflow produces a characteristic noise called "friction". Fricatives may be voiceless or voiced (see phonation).

List of fricatives

• [ɸ] voiceless bilabial fricative
• [β] voiced
• [f] voiceless labiodental fricative
• [v] voiced
• [θ] voiceless dental fricative
• [ð] voiced
• [s] voiceless alveolar fricative
• [z] voiced
• [ʃ] voiceless postalveolar fricative
• [ʒ] voiced
• [ʂ] voiceless retroflex fricative
• [ʐ] voiced
• [ç] voiceless palatal fricative
• [ʝ] voiced
• [x] voiceless velar fricative
• [ɣ] voiced
• [χ] voiceless uvular fricative
• [ʁ] voiced
• [ħ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative
• [ʕ] voiced
• [h] voiceless glottal fricative
• [ɦ] voiced

English has the following fricatives:

[f], [s] as in sit, [S] ("sh") as in show and [T] ("th") as in thick (voiceless)

[v], [z], [Z] ("zh") as in pleasure, [D] (the other "th") as in that (voiced)

The glottal approximant [h] is also sometimes described as a fricative.

See also: phonetics, stop, affricate